ABSTRACT
Background: Urogynaecological problems are the gynae related disorders of urinary system which affect women during pregnancy and postpartum period. Covid-19 also had an impact on these disorders. Objective(s): The main objective of this study is to find out how urogynaecological problems occur in pregnancy and postpartum period and how these problems were managed during covid 19. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Gynaecology and Obstetrics department of Al-Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad, from 5th February 2020 to 6th August 2021. Method(s): We included 220 pregnant women in our study. Their age, body mass index, gestational age, mode of delivery, fetal age at the time of delivery were measured. Prevalence of urogynaecological problems in pregnant women was also noted. Among these 220 females, 50 females got infected with covid. We compared their complications with complications of pregnant women who weren't infected with covid. Result(s): Body mass index of pregnant women with urogynaecological problems was 22 to 36 kg/m2. 12 to 14 kg weight increased during pregnancy. Gestational age at delivery was 38 to 42 weeks. Fetal weight was 2 to 4 kg at the time of birth. 62% women had vaginal mode of delivery while 38% had cesarian. Prevalence of urinary tract infections was 7%, stress urinary incontinence was 18 to 70%, uterine prolapse was 5 to 8% in pregnant women. 45% pregnant women had increased micturition frequency. Their were also some chances of formation of renal stones during pregnancy. Pregnant women who got infected with covid -19 had to face several other complications as well. These complications were managed with hygiene behaviour, balanced diet, exercise and medications. Conclusion(s): Urogynaecological problems are commonly found in pregnant women due to enlargement of kidneys and increased GFR during pregnancy. During pregnancy, uterus size increases which leads to compression of ureters and increased bacterial growth. Increased growth of bacteria causes urinary tract infections. Vaginal mode of delivery increases the risk of uterine prolapse. Covid-19 also had an impact on urogynaecological problems. These problems were managed during pandemic by avoiding direct contact. Copyright © 2022 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
: The novel coronavirus has infected over 609,848,852 individuals throughout the world with a total death of over 6.5 million since its outbreak in December 2019. Since then many therapeutic options have been approached and tested in clinical trials as well to find a potential cure or preventive therapy for the COVID-19 disease. This review summarizes the potential therapeutic options currently available for the treatment of COVID-19 including lopinavir-ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, dexamethasone, interferon, antibodies, Tocilizumab, Azithromycin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Moxifloxacin, Ivermectin, Nitazoxanide, Baricitinib, and Arbidol. This study briefly discusses the clinical trials and encompasses the dosage, efficacy, adverse drug reactions, and possible mechanism of action of the potential treatment candidate where applicable. The growing number of reported cases posits an exigent need for a suitable therapy for the prevention and cure of this disease. Therefore, the study aims to provide vital information on each drug to highlight the latest scientific research that could be helpful for better prevention/treatment of COVID-19 disease.
ABSTRACT
During the Covid-19 Pandemic, the usage of social media networks increased exponentially. People engage in education, business, shopping, and other social activities (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube). As social networking expands rapidly, its positive and negative impacts affect human health. All this leads to social crimes and illegal activities like phishing, hacking, ransomware, password attacks, spyware, blackmailing, Middle-man-attack. This research extensively discusses the social networking threats, challenges, online surveys, and future effects. We conduct an online survey using the google forms platform to collect the responses of social networking sites (SNS) users within Pakistan to show how SNS affects health positively and negatively. According to the collected response, we analyzed that 50% of the users use SNS for education purposes, 17.5% use it for shopping purposes, 58.2% use it for entertainment, 37.1% use it for communication, and 9.8% use it for other purposes. According to the response, the excessive use of SNS affects the health that 9.8% users face the physical threat, 42.8% user faces mental health issues due to excessive or inappropriate use of SN, and 50.5% users feel moral threat using Social sites. Finally, we conclude our paper by discussing the open challenges, conclusions, and future directions.
ABSTRACT
The immunocompromised disease is a health condition characterized by weakened immunity due to comorbidities (like cancer and HIV), medical procedures (including surgeries, bone marrow, organ, and stem cell transplantation), and treatments resulting in susceptibility, the severity of disease or recurrent infections. An immunocompromised individual is at increased risk of getting infected and progressing of disease present. In the presence of a global pandemic amidst several communicable infections, there is an increase in so many burdens related to health and wellness;a lot of individuals have become more concerned about their health, nutrient intake, and wellbeing. A healthy functioning immune system is very essential for body function and the need for immune-modulatory micronutrients, for instance, zinc, vitamin A Vitamin D emerges either through supplementation or from a natural source (which is optimum) for a healthy population. The immune systems are comprised of important cells (innate and adaptive immune response) responsible for performing defence and regulatory functions in the body. This review focuses on the implication of micronutrients in the regulation and maintenance of the immune system for the proper functioning and prevention against disease development, progression, or severity of these diseases.